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Class 8 · Maths NCERT Class 8 Maths · Ch. 44 min read · 15 questions

Quadrilaterals

Maths

Quadrilaterals

Introduction
A quadrilateral is a polygon with four sides, four angles, and four vertices. Quadrilaterals are all around us — tiles, books, doors, and windows are shaped like quadrilaterals. This chapter explores their properties and the relationships between different types.

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Key Concepts

Angle sum property: The sum of all interior angles of any quadrilateral = 360 degrees.

  • Types of Quadrilaterals:
  • Trapezium: Exactly one pair of parallel sides.
  • Parallelogram: Both pairs of opposite sides are parallel and equal; opposite angles are equal; diagonals bisect each other.
  • Rectangle: A parallelogram with all angles = 90 degrees; diagonals are equal.
  • Rhombus: A parallelogram with all sides equal; diagonals bisect each other at right angles.
  • Square: All sides equal AND all angles 90 degrees; diagonals are equal and bisect each other at right angles.
  • Kite: Two pairs of consecutive sides are equal; one pair of opposite angles is equal.
  1. 1.Properties of Parallelogram:
  2. 2.Opposite sides are equal and parallel.
  3. 3.Opposite angles are equal.
  4. 4.Adjacent angles are supplementary (sum = 180 degrees).
  5. 5.Diagonals bisect each other.
  • Diagonal properties:
  • Rectangle: diagonals are equal.
  • Rhombus: diagonals bisect each other at 90 degrees.
  • Square: both of the above.

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Worked Examples

Example 1

The angles of a quadrilateral are in ratio 2:3:5:8. Find each angle.
Sum = 360 degrees. Let angles be 2x, 3x, 5x, 8x.
18x = 360 degrees, so x = 20 degrees.
Angles: 40 degrees, 60 degrees, 100 degrees, 160 degrees.

Example 2

In a parallelogram ABCD, angle A = 70 degrees. Find all angles.
Angle C = 70 degrees (opposite angles equal).
Angle B = 180 - 70 = 110 degrees (adjacent angles supplementary).
Angle D = 110 degrees.

Example 3

Prove that diagonals of a rectangle are equal.
In rectangle ABCD, triangles ABC and DCB share BC, and AB = DC (opposite sides). Angle ABC = angle DCB = 90 degrees. So triangles are congruent by SAS, giving AC = DB.

Example 4

The diagonal of a rhombus are 16 cm and 12 cm. Find its side.
Half-diagonals: 8 cm and 6 cm. Side = √(82 + 62) = √(64 + 36) = √(100) = 10 cm.

Example 5

ABCD is a parallelogram. Diagonals AC and BD meet at O. If AO = 4 cm and BO = 3 cm, find AC and BD.
Since diagonals bisect each other: AC = 2 x AO = 8 cm; BD = 2 x BO = 6 cm.

Example 6

Three angles of a quadrilateral are 75 degrees, 90 degrees, and 110 degrees. Find the fourth.
Fourth angle = 360 - (75 + 90 + 110) = 360 - 275 = 85 degrees.

Example 7

Show that a square is a special rhombus.
A rhombus has all four sides equal. A square also has all four sides equal. Additionally, all angles of a square are 90 degrees. So every square is a rhombus, but with the extra condition of right angles.

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Common mistakes

  • Assuming all parallelograms are rectangles — they are not unless angles are 90 degrees.
  • Forgetting that the diagonals of a rhombus are NOT equal (only a square has equal diagonals among rhombuses).
  • Using 180 degrees instead of 360 degrees for the angle sum of a quadrilateral.

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Summary

Quadrilaterals have an angle sum of 360 degrees. Parallelograms are a versatile family with many special members: rectangles, rhombuses, and squares each add extra properties. Understanding how they are related helps in recognizing which properties apply in a given problem.

Practice Problems

15 questions with instant feedback.

Question 1 of 15Score 0

What is the sum of interior angles of any quadrilateral?